The problem with this focus is that most people who commit atrocities are not psychopaths, and individual variables alone can account for only a relatively small part of their actions. For instance, after carrying out war crimes, most perpetrators return to their “normal” lives and never again exhibit such pathological behaviour. Zimbardo therefore offers a second level of explanation, based on situational variables outside of individuals that usually provide more robust and comprehensive answers about the sources of (in)human behavior. At this level of analysis, factors such as ideology, political culture, deindividuation, domination, socialization, and dehumanization contribute to producing irrational and cruel actions. This focus on social dynamics does not deny the role of personal qualities, but it assumes that, on most occasions, there is an interaction between individual and their environment in which the latter is most salient for most people in most circumstances (Prontzos, pp. 170-76).
Fear, for instance, tends to bring out the worst in us, and it should not come as a surprise that,
people cling to their personal biases more tightly when feeling threatened. After thinking about their own inevitable death, they become more patriotic, more religious and less tolerant of outsiders…(Carey, 2009).
In other words, given the right “situational variables,” practically anyone will do terrible things to another human being.
Zimbardo stresses that horrors can be committed by “normal” people because human behavior is extremely malleable, producing contradictory behaviors by the same person in different situations. The simplistic dualism of believing that “an unbridgeable chasm separates good people from bad people” ignores the reality that human behaviour is characterized by its variability, so that evil is “something of which we are all capable, depending on circumstances”.
In mainstream U.S. political culture, however, the idea that Washington’s foreign policies might be motivated – like other states - by selfish economic and political considerations, rather than by the wish to spread freedom and democracy, is “beyond the bounds of thinkable thought” (Chomsky). “We” do not start wars of aggression, “they” do. We might make honest mistakes, but we cannot be the villains. We learn in schools and in the media that, “the United States is the greatest force for good the world has ever known” (Bob Dole).
Above all, Zimbardo places the blame for inhumanity primarily at a third level: systems of power which create situations, and which will do almost anything to maintain their domination.
It’s not just that “power corrupts,” but that power attracts the corruptible - hence Plato’s warning against those who seek to dominate.
From this perspective, the interaction between systems of power, situations and human nature may provide the broadest insights into our feelings, thoughts, and actions in general, and in particular for understanding humanity as the “zoon politikon” - the political animal.
CONCLUSION
There are multiple causes for the irrationalities that are all-too prevalent in political behaviour and ideology, from our “kluge” brain to the way we raise children and how we construct the societies in which we live. This paper has focused on some of the most important, yet mostly unconscious, factors which can shape ideologies and behaviours in ways which are problematic and potentially dangerous. Crises such as war, poverty, and global warming can never be solved if we continue to be at the mercy of such forces.
It is clear that these complex issues cannot be grasped without sufficient consideration of the psychological dynamics at work on individuals and in the culture at large. Only a more complete understanding of the causes of human belief and behaviour provide real hope for a more genuine democracy, one that is less susceptible to the irrational, and which allows us to live up to our potentials for compassion, rationality, and freedom.
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Zimbardo may suggest that attrocities can be undertaken by "normal" people but what is normal. Sieglinde may have something to say about being German and obviously having a strong link to the country and it's history. My reading of Alice Miller's books suggests that research done after the second world war concluded that those who were treated with respect by thier Parents tended to help many jewish families compared to those who were'nt. This may suggest that those treated badly in childhood are more likely to be lead by the crowd because they want to be loved and feel accepted and thus do worse things than those more centred in themselves and so less easily influenced. Therefore I would suggest that those who are lead by the group are not "normal" as Zimbardo suggests.
ReplyDeletePlanespotter: good point. art.
DeleteHi planespotter,
Delete-"Therefore I would suggest that those who are lead by the group are not "normal"-.
It has become an axiom of 'group dynamic theory' that group stands for parent. How was that theory proven and why? From an evolutionary point of view it's easy to assume that feral children will become adopted and in a social species the most efficient way to handle the extra burden (of an orphaned child) is through adoption by the group.
Relatedness to the family 'group' is another factor that channels our assumptions, our tendency to follow the herd.
One could postulate therefore that over thousands of generations there has developed a social assumption that the 'whole' is more authoritarian than the parts. So, we follow the crowd, even if we were loved as infants by our parents.
So there would appear to be no escaping our social assumptions, they are ingrained, possibly in our core genetics.
If there were a destiny for humans both as individuals and as a group then I postulate it would be to function consciously for/with the group and for ourselves, both. That would be a 'multi-task' that could not easily develop through the unfolding of genetic instincts. In short, we have to learn to collaborate whilst simultaneously looking out for our own needs. This has to be learned in life by individuals and it needs to be taught by individuals who have learned this multi-task human skill. I feel this is understated almost everywhere.
There's a right wing "rugged individualist" expression that comes to mind: -"Well I have to look after myself because no-body else is going to". . . In this tough remark lies the neurotic assumption that the authority of the group will not allow for personal need. So many struggle with their own rugged individualistic efforts as if the group were an adversary.
You could say this is a counter-dependent stance which American culture has become particularly adept at maintaining whilst somehow holding itself together as a "Nation".
How can a nation hold itself together when so many fight against belonging? I watched a very good documentary on I Player last night about the 3 million or so people who live in Mobile Homes in America. Mostly all over the age of 50. They have sold their houses, said goodbye to their grown up children and hit the road Jack. This wander lust is not unique to America. In Europe many millions would live like that if the various states of Europe had not made it almost impossible to. The Romanys fight a losing battle.
There's that wonderful song from the 70s, can't remember the singer, the title or most of the words but I'm sure you'll all recognise it:
-"running from the arms of Mater,
running from the wishes of Pater,
I keep holding on,
I keep holding on. . .
Paul G.
Hi planespotter
DeleteI have some problems with Zimbardo’s findings. They are incomplete and often unusable/euphoric.
With regard to some people NOT following the mass hysteria in the Nazi time, you are right.
From a personal experience: My grandmother (maternal) secretly helped Jewish families hiding and feeding them, while my father hated all Jews.
The difference resides in her upbringing – early childhood experience.
My Grandmother was a kind woman, reared with love by her mother, while my father and his siblings reported beating and sexual violence from an early age.
One other significant component: my Grandmother’s parents had a farm (WWI) and consequently enough food for their children, meaning basic needs (food and clothing) were fulfilled – no incubated animosity and violence in their daily life.
In the family of my father’s side was hunger after WWI. The imprint of disrespect and low self-worth was manifested very early – they were sent out to steal food – rivalry for basics and greed “to have something” dominated their childhood.
There were quite a lot Germans who despised Hitler and in endangered themselves by going intuitively against his rigid system – they never lost their sense of humanity. If we look at their history from a psycho-historian view, we find in them a kinder – need fulfilled upbringing.
As I said many times before: it is the abused who will re-abuse - he/she tend to violence, supports a rigid and often violent, oppressive life-style.
A loved child becomes a loving and caring adult.
Sieglinde
Crisis a Two-Edged Sword
ReplyDeleteYou have been focusing on important and mostly unconscious factors able to shaping ideologies and behaviors which are problematic and potentially dangerous. This leads you to conclude that “crisis such as war, poverty, and global warming can never be solved if we continue to be at the mercy of such forces”. I would like to mention that I had never succeeded to go to Primal Therapy and to be successful had it not been because of a severe personal crisis.
The general fear of crisis is a two edged sword. The terrible wars / economic crisis, during the last 150 years in Europe and America, led to huge leaps in progress. The industrial revolution multiplied time and again the development and has, despite un unfair distribution, by all available measures reduced the trend of the average global poverty. As a consequence of the digital revolution (comparable to a mini-Big Bang with all its own mini crisis) we are witnessing a new democracy painfully being born. This has quickly led to and will continue to lead to a new direct democracy through an infinite number of super fast social, international, networks. Many of these changes are bound to create a dramatic crisis (political and economic), which the evolution, in its deterministic ambition will create solutions for.
It is interesting that all your compassionate, rational and liberal opinions and immense knowledge make a leap, of some 2500 years, backwards to find explanations and understanding of humanity like the Plato’s “zoon politikon / political animal”, which can be defined as: “A certain "ratio" of political animals is capable of ruling. A larger "ratio" are capable of being ruled. A certain "ratio" is farmers, shepherds, pottery makers, cooks, mathematicians, military strategists, soldiers, fine artists, politicians, philosophers, etc. etc. So in that sense of various RATIOS of human beings specializing in different jobs, man is still a "rational animal" as well as a "political animal. All human beings specialize in a huge diversity of complementary activities when they go beyond the state of mere self-sufficiency [hand to mouth existence] and grow into the fullness of their nature, according to Aristotle, which is to be city-building and city-dwelling animals.” Turning to the historic Greek model of civilization might be considered as a version of “Evolution in Reverse”. However, it may be even more difficult to apply correctly than the version being defined in Primal Therapy.
Thank you for 6 inspiring and challenging articles and for mentioning Kahneman. I want to paraphrase him by saying: “That the test of learning human belief and behavior is whether our understanding of the new, provocative situations we encounter has changed, not whether we have learned new facts”.
Jan Johnsson
Like the invisible force!
ReplyDeleteLike clouds in the sky separated thoughts from feelings. From a supposed clear blue sky till diffuse veils sweep reality around in a suspicion of hell on earth!
Give me the right to what primal therapy can do and I will change the sight on earth.
Frank
Hi Peter Prontzos,
ReplyDeleteVery well written and to the point.
I was thinking for a few days, asking what can we do with our analytical mind if the one who needs to hear it is not receptive. Bush said, in an interview, if given chance, that he would change nothing of his 8 years as a president.
A few individuals with life-wisdom/inside and respect for others, have not enough power to overcome ignorance.
May I add one more word to the already made points, quoting “MICHAEL KINSLEY: Even if the issue of stem cells disappeared tomorrow, I would judge George W. Bush quite harshly. Six years have gone by, and you know, those are six important years to people like me, for example. ”
Bush and his religious cronies stopped stem cell research. This was in my opinion another crime, because Parkinson’s has made great steps forward and would be closer to a solution.
“Only a more complete understanding of the causes of human belief and behaviour provide real hope for a more genuine democracy, one that is less susceptible to the irrational, and which allows us to live up to our potentials for compassion, rationality, and freedom."
We must learn from history that a perfect/genuine democracy cannot exist for long as we know from ancient the Greeks.
Trauma will always influence everything humans do - destruction is inevitable.
Sieglinde
Sieglinde: I agree as I was also a victim of Bush and his stem cell ban. art It was a crime against humanity.
DeleteI know Dr. Janov.
DeleteSometime I’m steaming with anger.
Just think about what else Bush has done.
In 2000, I contacted Bill Clinton and he agreed to 10 Million grant for research on child-abuse and the consequences and other preventive measures.
(See second letter: http://boxbook.com/credits/cred.htm )
Bush came and canceled everything. I don’t think I have to explain why.
We cannot even measure the damage this man has done."It was a crime against humanity."
Sieglinde
Hi Sieglinde,
Deletewhere can I get an English copy of the book you wrote and what is its' title?
Paul G.
Hi Paul
DeleteMy book is out of print. I have published scenes from my childhood at: http://boxbook.com/Chapters%20Haunting/table.htm
Each chapter was written (sub-consciously) with the age-related expression - 2nd line memory.
maybe some links are not working yet. I’m reconstructing this website.
Sieglinde
Hi,
ReplyDeleteI'm having an 'off the wall insight'. . . What if there were a purpose to Evolution beyond merely functioning to 'survive' the experience?
Paul G.
Paul!
DeleteIt is a consequence of evolution... not a purpose.
Frank
Hi Sieglinde,
ReplyDelete-"Trauma will always influence everything humans do - destruction is inevitable"-.
Unless we find a way to live with trauma rather than denying it.
Paul G.
Hi Paul,
DeleteHow about getting rid of trauma?
How about reversing the imprint/Gen-alteration/Methylation?
Sieglinde
Well yes, both. . . I'm saving my pennies.
DeletePaul G.
Hi Sieglinde,
DeleteWhilst manoeuvring myself into actual PT at the actual clinic (it's taking time), I'm compelled to live with my traumas which ruminate in me like a bad infection or a 'bear with a sore head'; I no longer deny it. Or at least I no longer deny what is currently coming up. . . there's still a whole sea chest of buried history in my 1st line, many fathoms below, I sent a robot sub down for a look, it's definitely there. There's now a marker buoy bobbing on the surface, with my name on it.
Art's got the key and the clinic's got the diving gear.
Paul G.
Paul: So plunge. Art.
DeletePaul: We are going to help those who really really need it. Art.
DeleteAbout another 12 months, it's taking time to get out of the deep hole I was at the bottom of. I believe the clinic needs 6 months advance booking.
DeleteI'm going to borrow the money from Lloyds. They're gagging to lend it to me. I'm getting more work and setting up my website better. I must get a flat of my own before I leave the country. I can also get some benefits whilst 'in therapy, out of work'.
If I could I would bring my son & grandson. My son is really a post methadone / vallium gestation victim. He needs it more than me. . . that is an understatement. . .
Paul G.
Hi Paul,
DeleteLet go – don’t hold on to something that hurts.
Trying to control feelings often costs more energy and pain and does more damage than falling into the feeling.
(It's someone talking who has experience in this kind of thing.)
Sieglinde
Thanks Sieglinde, I know, I was only yesterday on the floor. . .
DeleteI'm making another funding application to the clinic. I'm tidying up my affairs. I'm arranging for the bank to lend me what I need regardless as a contingency. The time this is taking is also allowing for me to find a reliable place to live in UK which is a serious US Visa requirement.
A home to live in is also what I need to fulfil my actual relationship as well as my 'moral duty' to my daughter, to my Son, to my Grandson; before I split for California.
Lastly, I don't want to be homeless on return from the clinic in US when I arrive back in UK. That would be 'great' wouldn't it?
I anticipate arriving for therapy in Santa Monica on 21st June 2013 and I'll put that in my 2nd application for therapy at the clinic.
Paul G.
Paul: Isn't your start date today? bonne chance. You can get patients' help for lodgings and from us too. art
DeleteHi Paul,
DeleteI hear you. So much preparation – I know how difficult it is.
It is my dilemma too. We need to think of others first before we give “us” permission to take care of our own needs.
For this reason the writer, Paul J Meyer became a reminder of what is important – what “I” need to move forward.
Whatever you vividly imagine,
ardently desire,
sincerely believe, and
enthusiastically act upon
must inevitably come to pass.
…Paul J. Meyer
Wishing you the best for your stay California,
Sieglinde